ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: The pear-shaped bony orbit connects with intracranial cavity via foramina's and fissures. The Meningo-orbital Foramen (MOF) is usually present in greater wing of sphenoid close to lateral edge of Superior orbital fissure. It provides a route for an anastomosis between the orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) and recurrent meningeal branch of Ophthalmic Artery (OA) and hence, risk of damage during surgeries can occur. To verify occurrence and location, with morphology of MOF in dry orbits and the impending clinical hazards in surgeries pertaining to the orbit, document and analysis it to determine a standardized guideline. The presence for MOF was studied in 446 dry orbits with its location from the supra orbital margin (SOM), front zygomatic suture (FZS), the lateral tubercle of Whitnall (WT)and the lateral end of superior orbital fissure (SOF) along with its patency, laterality and number of foramina's present. Nylon probes, long divider/pins, compass and Vernier callipers was used to check the patency and various parameters. The study noted the percentage prevalence of MOF as 69 % with communication with middle cranial fossa (MCF) being 76 % of 69 % and the average distance from SOM, FZS, WT and lateral end of SOF being 35.58 mm, 24.9 mm, 26.6 mm and 0.92 mm. On comparison with various population studies, certain similarities and differences with regards to different parameters were noted. Prevalence of MOF was mostly unilateral and showed multiple foramina, that can act as channels for arteries, a variant of MMA or OA, that supply orbital structures or tumour growths. Thus, awareness of this variation is of prime importance to ophthalmologists and neurosurgeons as well as interventional radiologists, in preventing haemorrhagic condition which could further raise the difficulties in operative procedures and surgical outcomes.
RESUMEN: La órbita ósea en forma de pera se conecta con la cavidad intracraneal a través de forámenes y fisuras. El foramen meningoorbitario (MOF) suele estar presente en el ala mayor del esfenoides cerca del margen lateral de la fisura orbitaria superior. Proporciona una ruta para una anastomosis entre la rama orbitaria de la arteria meníngea media (MMA) y la rama meníngea recurrente de la arteria oftálmica (OA) y, por lo tanto, puede ocurrir riesgo de daño durante las cirugías. Para verificar la ocurrencia y ubicación, con la morfología de MOF en órbitas secas y los peligros clínicos inminentes en cirugías de la órbita, documentarlo y analizarlo para determinar una pauta estandarizada. Se estudió la presencia de MOF en 446 órbitas secas desde el margen supraorbitario (MOS), sutura cigomática frontal (FZS), el tubér- culo lateral de Whitnall (WT) y el extremo lateral de la fisura orbitaria superior (SOF) junto con su permeabilidad, lateralidad y número de forámenes presentes. Se utilizaron sondas de nailon, divisores / pasadores largos, brújula y calibradores Vernier para comprobar la permeabilidad. En el estudio se pudo observar que la prevalencia porcentual de MOF era del 69 %, siendo la comunica- ción con la fosa craneal media (MCF) del 76 % del 69 % y la distancia promedio desde SOM, FZS, WT y el extremo lateral de SOF era de 35,58 mm, 24,9 mm, 26,6 mm y 0,92 mm. En comparación con varios estudios de población, se observaron ciertas similitudes y diferencias con respecto a diferentes parámetros. La prevalencia de MOF fue mayoritariamente unilateral y mostró múltiples forámenes, que pueden actuar como canales para las arterias, una variante de MMA u OA, que irrigan estructuras orbitarias o crecimientos tumorales. Por lo tanto, la conciencia de esta variación es de primordial importancia para los oftalmólogos y neurocirujanos, así como para los radiólogos intervencionistas, en la prevención de una enfermedad hemorrágica que podría aumentar aún más las dificultades en los procedimientos y los resultados quirúrgicos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Orbit/anatomy & histology , Orbit/diagnostic imaging , Surgical Flaps , Meningeal Arteries/anatomy & histology , Meningeal Arteries/diagnostic imaging , Ophthalmic Artery/anatomy & histology , Ophthalmic Artery/diagnostic imaging , IndiaABSTRACT
Background: Safe motherhood initiatives was a worldwide effort launched by WHO in 1987 with an aim to reduce the number of deaths of women associated with pregnancy and childbirth. Appropriate antenatal care (ANC) is one of the pillars of this initiative and an important component of reproductive and child health. The present study was conducted to assess the utilization of antenatal care services, its contributing factors and its impact on birth weight of new-born.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of 3 months at Ankuli, field practice area of urban health training centre, Department of Community Medicine. A total of 138 mothers (delivered within 2 years) were included by cluster sampling. Women who were sick and did not give consent were excluded from the study. A pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was used for data collection and analysed in SPSS version 16. Chi-square test and bivariate logistic regression was applied at p value <0.05.Results: About 55.07% of mothers were in 25-34 years of age group, 47.82% had studied secondary education and 36.23% mothers belonged to lower middle-class socioeconomic status (SES). About 60.87% of mothers had availed antenatal services completely. Education of the participant and her husband, SES and family type were significant contributors of ANC service utilization. There was a significant association between complete ANC utilization and birth weight of the baby (p<0.05).Conclusions: The utilisation of the antenatal services was low among the mothers in our study which can be increased by proper IEC activities.
ABSTRACT
Background: Anganwadi centres (AWCs) remain hub for promoting nutrition in children. For an effective functioning of programs, Anganwadi workers (AWWs) need to have a sound knowledge and perception regarding under-nutrition. A qualitative study (Focus Group Discussion) was conducted with aim to assess perceptions and knowledge of AWWs regarding under-nutrition in 6 domains like about term under-nutrition in children, its causes, identification of it, its community management, advices to be given to parents and knowledge of program related to under-nutrition in their locality.Methods: 2 Focus group discussions (each consisted of 12 members and took around 40-45 minutes) were conducted in December 2018 among AWWs of Berhampur through purposive sampling. One author played role of facilitator who carried out discussions, another acted as recorder who took notes and sociograms were recorded by another author. Audio-visual recordings were done. Data were analysed and a report was created based on grounded theory.Results: Participants had fair knowledge of term under-nutrition. They had good knowledge of causes of under-nutrition in children and knew how to identify. But none of them had proper knowledge of community management of malnutrition (CMAM) in children. Though most of them have knowledge of screening of malnourished children and referral to Nutritional rehabilitation centre, they were unaware of other key components of CMAM. Many AWWs didn’t know much about programs for combating malnutrition; however they were well acquainted with ICDS and VHND.Conclusions: Quality training programs and more sensitisation should be done for Anganwadi workers. Specific training on CMAM should be carried out for them.
ABSTRACT
Increasing substance abuse and its impact on physical and psychosocial health is a worldwide public health concern. Adolescence is the period when initiation of these habits usually takes place. During adolescence students are more vulnerable due to increased academic pressure, peer group influence and increased popularity and availability of substances. Understanding the pattern and circumstances leading to substance abuse will help to go for appropriate interventions to protect the young adults from substance abuse. Aims and Objectives: To find out the prevalence and causes of substance abuse among undergraduate students of three medical colleges of Bhubaneswar. Materials and methods: All the undergraduate students of the three colleges present on the day of survey (1188) were included in the study; data was collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Compilation and analysis of data was done subsequently using proportion and chi square test as statistical test. Results: Prevalence of substance abuse was found to be 45.87% with a male (74.03%). Predominance. Cigarette (72%) was found to be the most common substance of abused followed by alcohol (68%), gutkha (24%) and drugs (23%) Staying in hostel, non-satisfactory intra- familial relationship favoured substance abuse. Curiosity about the substance, academic and peer pressure, family problems were the major initiating factors. Conclusion: Continuing use of these substances in spite of knowledge of hazards associated with them reflected lack of health consciousness and need of proper health education .So, proper counselling with well planned policies should be implemented to root out the evil of substance abuse among the future doctors which will help in providing better health care services to the people.